There have been recent concerns about an “epidemic of loneliness” during the pandemic, given the pervasiveness of loneliness in the population and its harmful effects on health and well-being. Therefore, it is important to establish the correlates of loneliness. The purpose of the current study was to explore how loneliness relates to a construct termed mattering, which is the feeling of being important to other people. Mattering was assessed with multiple measures in the current study (e.g., mattering in general, fears (...) of not mattering, and mattering to peers). A sample of 172 female psychology undergraduate students aged 18–25 years completed self-report measures of general mattering, mattering to peers, anti-mattering, fear of not mattering, and state and trait loneliness. As predicted, lower levels of both general mattering and mattering to peers were associated with higher state loneliness. Higher feelings of anti-mattering (feelings of being invisible and insignificant to others) and fears of not mattering were associated with greater trait loneliness, as well as a reduced sense of mattering to friends. The findings illustrate that feeling as though one does not matter to others (i.e., feeling insignificant and unimportant) is associated with increased state and trait loneliness among young women. Implications are discussed for loneliness theory and how these results can enhance both clinical understanding and practice. (shrink)

The American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 11, Issue 10, Page 15-16, October 2011.

The essays in this book demonstrate the breadth and vitality of American intellectual history. Their core theme is the diversity of both American intellectual life and of the frameworks that we must use to make sense of that diversity. The Worlds of American Intellectual History has at its heart studies of American thinkers. Yet it follows these thinkers and their ideas as they have crossed national, institutional, and intellectual boundaries. The volume explores ways in which American ideas have circulated in (...) different cultures. It also examines the multiple sites--from social movements, museums, and courtrooms to popular and scholarly books and periodicals--in which people have articulated and deployed ideas within and beyond the borders of the United States. At these cultural frontiers, the authors demonstrate, multiple interactions have occurred - some friendly and mutually enriching, others laden with tension, misunderstandings, and conflict. The same holds for other kinds of borders, such as those within and between scholarly disciplines, or between American history and the histories of other cultures.The richness of contemporary American intellectual history springs from the variety of worlds with which it must engage. Intellectual historians have always relished being able to move back and forth between close readings of particular texts and efforts to make sense of broader cultural dispositions. That range is on display in this volume, which includes essays by scholars as fully at home in the disciplines of philosophy, literature, economics, sociology, political science, education, science, religion, and law as they are in history. It includes essays by prominent historians of European thought, attuned to the transatlantic conversations in which Europeans and Americans have been engaged since the seventeenth century, and American historians whose work has carried them not only to different regions in North America but across the North Atlantic to Europe, across the South Atlantic to Africa, and across the Pacific to South Asia. (shrink)

The medical biography of Ludwig van Beethoven remains enigmatic. Some of his health problems, such as his early and eventually profound deafness, are well documented and extensively discussed, although not necessarily well explained . Other medical problems, and his ultimate cause of death, remain unclear. Perhaps unsurprisingly for such an important musical figure, there has been no dearth of speculation about the illnesses that may have befallen Beethoven. Medical historians and physicians have suggested a myriad of illnesses, including but hardly (...) limited to .. (shrink)

Biological evolution provides a creative fount of complex and subtle adaptations, often surprising the scientists who discover them. However, because evolution is an algorithmic process that transcends the substrate in which it occurs, evolution’s creativity is not limited to nature. Indeed, many researchers in the field of digital evolution have observed their evolving algorithms and organisms subverting their intentions, exposing unrecognized bugs in their code, producing unexpected adaptations, or exhibiting outcomes uncannily convergent with ones in nature. Such stories routinely reveal (...) creativity by evolution in these digital worlds, but they rarely fit into the standard scientific narrative. Instead they are often treated as mere obstacles to be overcome, rather than results that warrant study in their own right. The stories themselves are traded among researchers through oral tradition, but that mode of information transmission is inefficient and prone to error and outright loss. Moreover, the fact that these stories tend to be shared only among practitioners means that many natural scientists do not realize how interesting and lifelike digital organisms are and how natural their evolution can be. To our knowledge, no collection of such anecdotes has been published before. This paper is the crowd-sourced product of researchers in the fields of artificial life and evolutionary computation who have provided first-hand accounts of such cases. It thus serves as a written, fact-checked collection of scientifically important and even entertaining stories. In doing so we also present here substantial evidence that the existence and importance of evolutionary surprises extends beyond the natural world, and may indeed be a universal property of all complex evolving systems. (shrink)

In this article, we describe a hitherto undocumented fallacy-in the sense of a mistake in reasoning-constituted by a negativity bias in the way that people attribute motives to others. We call this the "worst-motive fallacy," and we conducted two experiments to investigate it. In Experiment 1, participants expected protagonists in a variety of fictional vignettes to pursue courses of action that satisfy the protagonists' worst motive, and furthermore, participants significantly expected the protagonist to pursue a worse course of action than (...) they would prefer themselves. Experiment 2 was a preregistered attempted replication of Experiment 1, including a bigger range of vignettes; the first effect was not replicated for the new vignettes tested but was for the original set. Also, we once again found that participants expected protagonists to be more likely than they were themselves to pursue courses of action that they considered morally bad. We discuss the worst-motive fallacy's relation to other well-known biases as well as its possible evolutionary origins and its ethical consequences. (shrink)

Bioethics, Volume 36, Issue 8, Page 819-820, October 2022.

Cognitive Science, Volume 46, Issue 3, March 2022.

Charles Taylor, ao refletir sobre o pano de fundo histórico-cultural da modernidade ocidental, estabelece a tarefa hermenêutica de fazer uma releitura das múltiplas facetas dos imaginários sociais modernos. Esses imaginários acabam sendo diversificados em uma pluralidade triádica e constitutiva de múltiplas formas culturais. Assim, conforme assevera o filósofo canadense, temos a esfera da moderna faceta social que está sob a égide da economia. De modo que essa é entrelaçada com a face estrutural da modernidade como esfera pública. Por fim, e, (...) sem menos importância, encontramos o autogoverno do povo em seu aspecto nuclear de soberania democrática. Então, neste texto, nutrimos a intencionalidade de acompanharmos o pensamento de Taylor, em sua reconstrução delineadora deste tipo de pluralismo, que examina sobre as fontes, ideias e práticas democráticas articuladas a partir destas facetas constitutivas e articuladoras dos imaginários sociais modernos. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:iPod, YouTube, Wii Play: Theological Engagements with Entertainment by D. Brent Laytham, and: If These Walls Could Talk: Community Muralism and the Beauty of Justice by Maureen H. O’ConnellJoel WardeniPod, YouTube, Wii Play: Theological Engagements with Entertainment By D. Brent Laytham EUGENE, OR: CASCADE, 2012. 209 PP. $24.00If These Walls Could Talk: Community Muralism and the Beauty of Justice By Maureen H. O’Connell COLLEGEVILLE, MN: LITURGICAL PRESS, 2012. (...) 319 PP. $39.95Although, in the Republic, Plato discussed the usefulness (and danger!) of having artists practicing within the civic community, from his time forward, social philosophers, moral theologians, and religious ethicists have tended to avoid [End Page 199] probing too much into the relationship between the aesthetic and the ethical. To be sure, as organized academic philosophy developed, especially after the Enlightenment, the separate intellectual bailiwick of aesthetics left ethical considerations of what is morally (as opposed to artistically) good to the domain of ethics. The result of such segmentation was to keep both interests’ discussions of “the good” significantly apart.The two books reviewed here represent new (and, hopefully, now less uncommon) attempts to find the correspondence between beauty and goodness. Because both authors think and write specifically from the perspective of Christian ethics, these attempts make use of the resources of the Hebrew and Christian scriptures, the sometimes contrasting traditions of Protestant and Catholic spiritual reflection, and the authors’ own personal engagement with sources of beauty or entertainment. Both authors argue in some way that the pursuit of the beautiful (or the enjoyable) bears a relation to goodness. They both also argue that our use of technology and our making of art ought to attend to the building of justice.In his book iPod, YouTube, Wii Play: Theological Engagements with Entertainment, D. Brent Laytham investigates varied forms of contemporary entertainment activities and technologies (e.g., the media-sharing website YouTube, video games, fashion magazines, sporting events) and unearths the ways in which these contemporary and technologically facilitated pastimes both support and endanger human social interaction. In particular, he pays close attention to how entertainment(s) help or hinder the drive of a community of believers into lives of discipleship.The thirteen chapters of the book are each organized around a particular technological theme and make good use of sociological reflection on media, as well as some Christian reflection on games, the communal pursuit of fun, and festivity. Laytham, a Methodist, takes a sympathetic stance toward modes of entertainment in how they function, at times, as legitimate means of communication between persons. But he also warns that they can, if used without an understanding of their effects on the inner lives of the persons involved, be damaging. The author often demonstrates remarkable psychological insight, such as when he discusses the pressures put upon teenagers’ sense of physical self-image when based on the values of fashion magazines (140), the spiritual dangers of any kind of escapism (118), and the complicated motivations underlying petty gambling (107). And though reflection questions that are scattered throughout the body of the text are sometimes distracting from the arguments he puts forward (and so maybe would be better placed at the end of each chapter), he clearly wants his critique of media and entertainment to lead to a fuller, better enjoyment of them, a proper enjoyment possible when they are understood in relation to what should be their ultimate purpose: the drawing together of communities of persons. [End Page 200]Moving from a consideration of entertainment to art, properly speaking, Maureen O’Connell’s If These Walls Could Talk: Community Muralism and the Beauty of Justice is a number of things. It is a narrative description of what has happened in one urban environment in the United States, where socioeconomic decline, street violence, and crushing poverty produce needful places for transformative grace; a theological-aesthetic analysis of a genre of fine art, peculiar for the materials used and the venues in which it is displayed; a moral-ethical project inspired by familial ties to a particular city, as well as the fruit of continued interest (and, one might even say, pastoral zeal) on the author’s... (shrink)

Resumo: Este artigo pretende expor a relação entre idolatria, ordem, beleza e interioridade na perspectiva agostiniana, a partir de sua obra De vera religione.: This article discusses the relationship between idolatry, order, beauty, and interiority in Augustine’s De vera religione.

The Roman philosopher Boethius is best known for the _Consolation of Philosophy_, one of the most frequently cited texts in medieval literature. In the _Consolation_, an unnamed Boethius sits in prison awaiting execution when his muse Philosophy appears to him. Her offer to teach him who he truly is and to lead him to his heavenly home becomes a debate about how to come to terms with evil, freedom, and providence. The conventional reading of the _Consolation_ is that it is (...) a defense of pagan philosophy; nevertheless, many readers who accept this basic argument find that the ending is ambiguous and that Philosophy has not, finally, given the prisoner the comfort she had promised. In _The Prisoner's Philosophy_, Joel C. Relihan delivers a genuinely new reading of the _Consolation_. He argues that it is a Christian work dramatizing not the truths of philosophy as a whole, but the limits of pagan philosophy in particular. He views it as one of a number of literary experiments of late antiquity, taking its place alongside Augustine's _Confessions_ and _Soliloquies_ as a spiritual meditation, as an attempt by Boethius to speak objectively about the life of the mind and its relation to God. Relihan discerns three fundamental stories intertwined in the _Consolation_: an ironic retelling of Plato's _Crito,_ an adaptation of Lucian's _Jupiter Confutatus,_ and a sober reduction of _Job_ to a quiet dialogue in which the wounded innocent ultimately learns wisdom in silence. Relihan's claim that Boethius's text was written as a Menippean satire does not rest merely on identifying a mixture of disparate literary influences on the text, or on the combination of verse and prose or of fantasy and morality. More important, Relihan argues, Boethius deliberately dramatizes the act of writing about systematic knowledge in a way that calls into question the value of that knowledge. Philosophy's attempt to lead an exile to God's heaven is rejected; the exile comes to accept the value of the phenomenal world, and theology replaces philosophy to explain the place of human beings in the order of the world. Boethius Christianizes the genre of Menippean satire, and his _Consolation_ is a work about humility and prayer. _“Acknowledging that the _Consolation of Philosophy_ is ‘over-familiar and under-read,’ Joel Relihan puts to the side old bromides about the work and instead pays careful attention to the narrative Boethius constructs, grounding his readings in the contexts the work cultivates, especially its Menippean elements. The result is perhaps the first satisfying reading of the _Consolation_ to be produced, a satisfaction felt also in the ways Relihan mirrors Boethius himself in the thoroughness of his scholarship and the elegance of his exposition. No one who studies Boethius will be able to ignore this book.“ — Joseph Pucci, Brown University _ "Anyone who has been fascinated, intrigued, or perhaps puzzled by the meaning, structure, or argument of Boethius's _Consolation of Philosophy_ will find Joel Relihan's new book a welcome addition to the study of this core text of the early medieval world whose influence extends to the present time. Relihan's study is a tour de force that belongs in the library of all those who appreciate Boethius's depth and subtlety. Fortune's wheel has indeed turned in the favor of those who wish to explore with Relihan the intricacies and brilliance of the _Consolation_." —_Fr. John Fortin, O.S.B., Saint Anselm College _. (shrink)

Este trabalho apresenta uma interpretação abrangente e sistemática do significado e da legitimidade dos conceitos de precisão, interesse, esperança e crença no interior da filosofia kantiana. A análise desses conceitos está diretamente vinculada à discussão acerca da natureza da razão prática pura, da legitimidade do conceito de sumo bem e da unidade arquitetônica da razão. Defende-se que tanto os conceitos de precisão e interesse, assim como os conceitos de crença e esperança possuem legitimidade transcendental e concordam com as bases da (...) filosofia crítica. (shrink)

Com esta investigação genealógica do poder político no Ocidente, Giorgio Agamben formula em seu projeto Homo sacer, um programa de pesquisas centrado na questão da genealogia da governamentalidade. Assim, aportamos num estágio decisivo de suas escavações genealógicas, sobre as razões pelas quais o poder foi assumindo na vida ocidental o formato de uma οικονομία, ou seja, o exame do poder que foi operado pela via do agir administrativo das coisas e das vidas. Neste texto, temos a intencionalidade de traçarmos uma (...) sinopse desta genealogia teológica da economia e do governo, e, retrocedermos com o filósofo italiano aos porões constitutivos da vida política, religiosa e cultural Ocidental. Logo, tendo em mente o fato de o poder ser substancialmente pautado pelo governo, temos uma implicação ético-política, que nos leva ao seguinte questionamento: por que o poder necessita da glória? Estamos diante de uma série de paradigmas que forjam o corpo e as categoriais centrais da política democrática na modernidade. (shrink)

Some of the most celebrated images of nineteenth-century American photography emerged from government-sponsored geological surveys whose purpose was to study and document western territories. Timothy H. O'Sullivan and William Bell, two survey photographers who joined expeditions in the 1860s and 1870s, opened the eyes of nineteenth-century Americans to the western frontier. Highlighting a recent Smart Museum of Art acquisition, One/Many brings together an exquisite group of photographs by Bell and O'Sullivan. Particularly noteworthy are their photographic panoramas, assemblages of individual images (...) joined together to form a continuous, horizontal landscape view. These panoramas have not been exhibited in well over a century and have never before been published. For the first time, One/Many investigates their role and purpose both within and outside of the surveys, taking into account the larger context of nineteenth-century modes of viewing. The volume also allows the little-known Bell's work to be better understood next to that of his more famous colleague. (shrink)

I find it more than merely suggestive that we call many different kinds of pictures "realistic." As a category label, "realistic" is remarkably elastic. We cheerfully place into the category pictures that are made in strict accordance with the rules of linear perspective, pictures that are at slight variance with those rules but that nonetheless look perfectly "correct" , and pictures made in flagrant contravention of perspective geometry . We accept as realistic pictures that are made in strict accordance with (...) the rules of perspective construction that we could never judge as being similar to anything we might or could ever see . We accept as realistic pictures that are in sharp disagreement with what we now take to be the facts of vision . . . There is something charming and yet nasty about the belief in the special relation of picture to world. It is charming because it allows us to "enter" with ease into pictures and allows them to "extend" into our world. It allows us to think of pictures as "true to life," to use [Ernst] Gombrich's beguiling term, to look at a picture and ask questions of it, as if we were looking at the world through a window. It allows us to treat pictures as substitutes for the objects they represent and so, for example, to buy clothing from an illustrated catalogue, or to analyze architectural styles from pictures of buildings. In brief, it allows us to feel proximity to what is depicted and urges us to conclude that in certain important respects looking at a picture is equivalent to looking at what is pictured. Joel Snyder, associate professor of humanities and of art and design at the University of Chicago, teaches aesthetics, and theory and history of photography. A practicing photographer, he is currently completing a monograph on the photographer Timothy H. O'Sullivan. His contributions to Critical Inquiry include "Photography, Vision, and Representation" and "Reflexions on Las Meninas: Paradox Lost", written with Ted Cohen in the Winter 1980 issue. (shrink)

Resumo: Este artigo visa tensionar e imbricar os conceitos de crise e de democracia sob o prisma da educação. Partimos da elasticidade e complexidade de cada um dos termos para, em seguida, utilizando como instrumento os diagramas de Venn e Pierce, auscultarmos as articulações, intersecções e problematizações possíveis. Este exercício é tanto filosófico-conceitual quanto político, na medida que tem por objetivo verificar as responsabilidades, os limites e as potencialidades da educação na atual crise da democracia. Bauman (2000) e Morin (1979) (...) referenciam as análises sobre o conceito de crise e suas ressignificações contemporâneas; Laclau (2014) e Mouffe (2005, 2013) fundamentam o percurso em busca do conceito de democracia e dos termos que cingem a ideia de crise, como é o caso do antagonismo e do dissenso. Como resultado de nossas análises, o conceito de agonismo surge e revela duas faces: uma se apresenta como elemento articulador entre crise e democracia, e outra como horizonte de ação ou criterium para a educação em circunstâncias intempestivas. Palavras-chave: Educação; Crise; Democracia; Agonismo El agonismo como concepto articulador entre crisis, democracia y educación Resumen: Este artículo visa tensionar e imbricar los conceptos de crisis y de democracia bajo el prisma de la educación. Partimos de la elasticidad y complejidad de cada uno de los términos para, enseguida, utilizando como instrumento los diagramas de Venn y Pierce, auscultar las articulaciones, intersecciones y problematizaciones posibles. Este ejercicio es tanto filosófico-conceptual como político, en la medida que tiene por objetivo verificar las responsabilidades, los límites y las potencialidades de la educación en la actual crisis de la democracia. Bauman (2000) y Morin (1979) referencian los análisis sobre el concepto de crisis y sus resignificaciones contemporáneas; Laclau (2014) y Mouffe (2005, 2013) fundamentan el recorrido en búsqueda del concepto de democracia y de los términos que ciñen la idea de crisis, como es el caso del antagonismo y del disentimiento. Como resultado de nuestros análisis, el concepto de agonismo surge y revela dos facetas: una se presenta como elemento articulador entre crisis y democracia, y otra como horizonte de acción o criterium para la educación en circunstancias intempestivas. Palabras-clave: Educación; Crisis; Democracia; Agonismo Agonism as an articulating concept between crisis, democracy and education Abstract: This article aims to stress and intertwine the concepts of crisis and democracy through the prism of education. We start from the elasticity and complexity of each of the terms and then, using the Venn and Pierce diagrams as an instrument, we listen to the articulations, intersections, and possible problematizations. This exercise is both philosophical-conceptual and political, as it aims to verify the responsibilities, limits, and potential of education in the current crisis of democracy. Bauman (2000) and Morin (1979) refer to analyzes of the concept of crisis and its contemporary resignifications; Laclau (2014) and Mouffe (2005, 2013) substantiate the path in search of the concept of democracy and terms that encompass the idea of crisis, such as antagonism and dissent. As a result of our analyses, the concept of agonism emerges and reveals two faces: one presents itself as an articulating element between crisis and democracy, and another as a horizon of action or criteria for education in untimely circumstances. Keywords: Education; Crisis; Democracy; Agonism Data de registro: 11/09/2022 Data de aceite: 03/04/2023. (shrink)

El presente texto, pretende colocar a discusión los conceptos de “difusión” y “divulgación” con la intención de entender su función con la filosofía mexicana. De esta manera, la crítica a estos conceptos pasará por algunas observaciones de algunos filósofos de nuestro momento y de nuestro pasado, como lo fue el filósofo de lo mexicano Emilio Uranga. En un primer momento, expongo los conceptos de difusión y divulgación con el objetivo de demostrar que estos términos no se deben entender como sinónimos. (...) En un segundo plano, teniendo en cuenta la legibilidad o función de la difusión y divulgación filosófica, recurro a la historia de la filosofía mexicana con la intensión de exponer el desarrollo de la filosofía mexicana desde los ámbitos divulgativos de mediados del siglo XX. Finalmente, con la filosofía uranguiana, expondré el ¿por qué la filosofía mexicana esta Nepantla? (shrink)

ABSTRACT In this paper, I argue that the idea of a universal history is systematically legitimized in Kant’s transcendental system of philosophy by way of the concept of a need [Bedürfnis] for pure practical reason. In this sense, the idea of a universal history is a fundamental part of the moral image of the world that emerges from Kant’s whole philosophy, and it is crucial for understanding both the possibility of the system of pure reason, as well the full development (...) of Kant’s moral philosophy, especially for political philosophy. RESUMO Nesse artigo eu argumento que a ideia de uma história universal é sistematicamente legitimada no sistema da filosofia transcendental de Kant por meio do conceito de precisão [Bedürfnis] da razão pura prática. Nesse sentido, a ideia de uma história universal é uma parte fundamental da imagem moral do mundo que emerge da totalidade da filosofia de Kant e é crucial para o entendimento tanto da possibilidade de um sistema da razão pura, quanto para um desenvolvimento completo da filosofia moral, particularmente para a filosofia política. (shrink)

Segundo a obra, algo de fundamental aconteceu nas categorias constitutivas do sujeito, redirecionando então as linhas de força do seu mal-estar. É no quadro estrito desse contraste que se inscreve a espinha dorsal deste livro. Sem deixar de levar em conta a situação socioeconômica e cultural, mas focalizando nas formas de mal-estar que assaltam o sujeito, Birman faz uma análise acurada das linhas de forças em jogo nesta passagem de um sujeito da modernidade para o sujeito.

This paper intends to investigate the following problem: what is the meaning of the conception of good in Hegel's moral and juridical philosophy? Thus, aiming at the promotion of a consistent philosophical articulation for the understanding of such a question, I establish as argumentative strategy the tripartite topical structure, being the initial approach made in the introduction, in general lines, the contextualization of the morality problem. Next, I outline the meaning of understanding the conception of rational action of the subjective (...) will, which is established as a moment of Hegelian intersubjective morality. Moving on, I take as my line of argument the Hegelian juridical notion in which the good is approached as a concrete universal concept fully actualized and determined. Finally, I seek to understand how the grounding of good will is constituted in the transition to the sphere of eticity, in view of the movement of moral action of human agents in the argumentative structure of good and morality in Hegel's philosophy of justice. (shrink)

O artigo analisa os princípios pelos quais são delimitados os poderes do Estado e assegurado o respeito aos direitos individuais, no Segundo tratado sobre o governo,de John Locke.

For the inaugural Workshop on Philosophy & Engineering (WPE-2007), this abstract asks why engineers are turning now to philosophy. Upon reflection, philosophy and engineering are very different occupations, and engineering has rarely turned to philosophy in the long history of the systematic design and production of complex artifacts. After briefly examining events since World War 2, the extended abstract carries over Kuhn's explanation of the rise of philosophy of science during the intellectual tumult of relativity and quantum physics in the (...) opening moments of the 20th century to the case of engineering in the early moments of the 21st century. Specifically, the paper argues that the crisis of the rapid pace of technological change, reflected in the centripetal forces of the O's (bio, nano, and info) may help explain increased interest in a philosophy of engineering at this time. The abstract concludes by citing a number of ways that philosophy may help clarify what otherwise might be confusing times. (shrink)

"This foundational text was one of the first books to integrate work from moral philosophy, developmental/moral psychology, applied psychology, political and social economy, and political science, as well as business scholarship. The third edition utilizes ideas from the first two to provide readers with a practical model for ethical decision making and includes examples from I-O research and practice, as well as current business events"--.

Charles Taylor em suas abordagens sobre o fenômeno da secularização nos oferece uma descrição, analítico-genealógica, das atuais condições de crença e ceticismo radical das sociedades modernas. Buscamos a partir disto, fazer um estudo que vise entender algumas das motivações referentes ao lugar e uso da razão pública pelas religiões na vida social democrática. Para tanto, abordamos a noção de redefinição do significado político da secularização. É inegável que as crenças religiosas e laicas estão vivas e atuantes na esfera pública. Por (...) esta razão, temos que averiguar algo do fenômeno da secularização como projeto de expansão dos axiomas revolucionários da liberdade, igualdade e fraternidade modernas. Logo, vamos seguir nossa argumentação dando atenção para alguns elementos referentes ao pano de fundo histórico-filosófico que contribuíram para a redefinição do significado político deste fenômeno. Todavia, temos que fazer uma articulação teleológica em termos do que seja a soberania popular da ação dos novos sujeitos no limiar das modernas democracias. Ademais, o dado relevante da comunicação e das tensões que envolve o estabelecimento dos consensos sobrepostos, refletem no influxo moral das religiões na esfera pública democrática como um problema conflitivo. Por fim, cotejamos algo referente as epistemologias da suspeição diante da facticidade aporética dos conteúdos religiosos. Isto tem sérias implicações para a construção da identidade do agente humano no devir histórico desta era chamada secular. (shrink)

We show that for random bit strings, Up, with probability, image, the first order quantifier depth D) needed to distinguish non-isomorphic structures is Θ, with high probability. Further, we show that, with high probability, for random ordered graphs, G≤,p with edge probability image, D)=Θ, contrasting with the results for random graphs, Gp, given by Kim et al. [J.H. Kim, O. Pikhurko, J. Spencer, O. Verbitsky, How complex are random graphs in first order logic? Random Structures and Algorithms 26 119–145] of (...) D)=log1/pn+O. (shrink)

Neste artigo apresenta-se o significado do conceito de sociabilidade insociável e de sua importância para a filosofia histórico-política de Kant. Defendem-se aqui duas teses importantes: primeira, que esse conceito se insere essencialmente num paradigma biológicoteleológico em vez de físico-mecânico; segunda, que a insociabilidade deve ser compreendida como se referindo a inclinações e não a paixões, o que, por sua vez, permite pensá-la em concordância com um progresso moral também dos indivíduo.

Resumo Este artigo analisa a influência da filosofia de Rousseau na teoria antropológica de Kant. No primeiro momento, apresentam-se as semelhanças e diferenças acerca do modo como cada autor compreende o estado de natureza. No segundo momento, estabelece-se uma comparação entre o conceito de sociabilidade insociável de Kant e os conceitos de piedade e amor próprio, na filosofia de Rousseau.This paper analyses the influence of Rousseau’s philosophy on Kant’s anthropological theory. Firstly, the similarities and differences between each philosopher’s understanding of (...) the state of nature is presented. Secondly, a comparison between Kant’s concept of unsocial sociability and Rousseau’s concepts of piety and self-love is presented. (shrink)

Diante do lema “sapere aude”, com o qual Kant apresenta sua caracterização de esclarecimento, colocaseimediatamente a questão: o que signifi ca pensar por si mesmo? Apesar de Kant procurar respondera isso ao longo do texto, muitas difi culdades permanecem enquanto as teses ali defendidas não foremintegradas no horizonte da fi losofi a crítico-transcendental. Em primeiro lugar, mostra-se como o esclarecimentoé uma noção ambivalente, por um lado se refere ao indivíduo, por outro, se refere a uma época.Em segundo lugar, o esclarecimento (...) implica essencialmente uma mudança no método e não necessariamenteno conteúdo do pensamento, nesse sentido, o esclarecimento exige um determinado modo depensar , que se caracteriza pela disposição de se fazer um uso público da razão, ou seja, adisponibilidade pública de pedir e oferecer razões para justifi car determinada posição. Em terceiro lugar,defende-se que na expressão “fazer uso de teu próprio entendimento”, o termo entendimento deve serinterpretado em um sentido lato, isto é, de forma a abarcar tanto a razão no seu uso teórico quanto noseu uso prático. Mais do que isso, defende-se que o principal objetivo do Esclarecimento, segundo Kant,é o estabelecimento de um modo de pensar autônomo em sentido moral. Perpassando todos esses trêspontos, evidencia-se a importância desempenhada pela fi losofi a, seja enquanto aquela que deve zelarpelos princípios do uso público da sã razão, seja enquanto doutrina da sabedoria.Facing the dilemma “sapere aude”, with which Kant introduces his enlightenment characterization, immediately appears the question: what means to think by oneself? Despite Kant tries to answer to that along the text, many dif culties will remain while the thesis defended there are not integrated in the horizon of critical-transcendental philosophy. First, it is showed how the enlightenment is an ambivalent notion, on one side it refers to the individual, on the other, it refers to an epoch. Second, the enlightenment implies essentially a change in the method and not necessarily in the thought content, in this sense, the enlightenment demands a certain way of thinking , that is characterized by the disposition to make a public use of reason, in other words, the public availability to request and offer reasons to justify determined position. Third, it is defended that in the expression “make use of your own understanding”, the term “understanding” should be interpreted in a lato sensu, that is, in order to taking into account the reason in its theoretical as well as in its practical use. Furthermore it is defended that the main goal of Enlightenment, according to Kant, is to establish an autonomous way of thinking in a moral sense. Passing by all of these three points, it stays evident the importance performed by philosophy, both as the one that should look after the principles of the public use of the sane reason, and as wisdom doctrine. (shrink)

The earlier volume in this series dealt with two religions of Indian origin, namely, Buddhism and Jainism. The Indian religious scene, however, is characterized by not only religions which originated in India but also by religions which entered India from outside India and made their home here. Thus religious life in India has been enlivened throughout its history by the presence of religions of foreign origin on its soil almost from the very time they came into existence. This volume covers (...) three such religions—Zoraoastrianism, Judaism, and Islam. In the case of Zoraostianism, even its very beginnings are intertwined with India, as Zoroastrianism reformed a preexisting religion which had strong links to the Vedic heritage of India. This relationship took on a new dimension when a Zoroastrian community, fearing persecution in Persia after its Arab conquest, sought shelter in western India and ultimately went on to produce India’s pioneering nationalist in the figure of Dadabhai Naoroji ( 1825-1917), also known as the Grand Old Man of India. Jews found refuge in south India after the destruction of the Temple by the Romans in 70 C.E. and have remained a part of the Indian religious scene since then, some even returning to Israel after it was founded in 1948. Islam arrived in Kerala as soon as it was founded and one of the earliest mosques in the history of Islam is found in India. Islam differs from the previously mentioned religions inasmuch as it went on to gain political hegemony over parts of the country for considerable periods of time, which meant that its impact on the religious life of the subcontinent has been greater compared to the other religions. It has also meant that Islam has existed in a religiously plural environment in India for a longer period than elsewhere in the world so that not only has Islam left a mark on India, India has also left its mark on it. Indeed all the three religions covered in this volume share this dual feature, that they have profoundly influenced Indian religious life and have also in turn been profoundly influenced by their presence in India. (shrink)

O objetivo deste texto é expor o debate sobre a crítica de Hegel à teoria moral de Kant tal como se encontra formulada no §135 de Linhas fundamentais da filosofia do direito. Apresenta-se diferentes interpretações a respeito da crítica à vacuidade do imperativo categórico e as possíveis respostas kantianas. Ao se desdobrar as questões subjacentes à crítica, sustenta-se que não se trata de uma disputa pontual, que possa ser lida independentemente de um panorama sistemático. Defende-se que esse debate é uma (...) consequência de pressupostos sistemáticos distintos. (shrink)

Russell's Principle states that in order to think about an object I must know which thing it is, in the sense of being able to distinguish it from all other things. I show that, contra Strawson, Evans and Cassam, Russell's Principle cannot be applied to first-person thought so as to yield necessary conditions of self-consciousness. Footnotes1 Thanks to Naomi Eilan, Keith Hossack, Lucy O'Brien and Ann Whittle for helpful comments.

Una de las controversias en los debates metafilosóficos contemporáneos gira en torno al presunto uso de intuiciones como evidencia en la filosofía analítica. El problema es que, si los filósofos realmente usan intuiciones, no queda claro qué se entiende por éstas, cómo pueden tener un papel evidencial, o si son siquiera fiables. En su libro Philosophy Without Intuitions, Herman Cappelen se propone abordar esta cuestión que concierne a los fundamentos mismos de la filosofía analítica, dando una respuesta negativa a la (...) pregunta de si los filósofos dependen de intuiciones. Su estrategia consiste en articular dos argumentos que, de acuerdo con él, suelen ser mencionados en apoyo de la existencia del uso de intuiciones en filosofía, para después mostrar que ninguno cumple su cometido. Por lo tanto, sería falso que se utilizan intuiciones como evidencia en filosofía. La obra se divide en dos partes: en la primera (caps. 2-5) desarrolla un argumento lingüístico a favor de la existencia del uso de intuiciones en filosofía, así como su crítica a éste; mientras que en la segunda (caps. 6-11) elabora un argumento práctico, junto con sus respectivos defectos. Y si bien Cappelen cree que en última instancia la diferencia entre ambos argumentos es convencional, sirve para sus propósitos expositivos. (shrink)

This essay shows how Kantian philosophy provides relevant grounds for reflections regarding the current debate on democracy. Firstly, I argue that representative democracy has a particular moral value that stands out the other forms of government. Secondly, I make some considerations about the elements that must be institutionally embodied in order to ensure a proper functioning democracy, such as the separation of powers, the guarantee of a public sphere which is appropriate to the freedom of public use of reason, the (...) moral requirement of veracity in the performance of public agents; the participationism, the reformism and, finally, the cosmopolitanism. (shrink)